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Examples of watercraft for the Dragon Age RPG. Elevation drawings (side views) are mostly at 5 pixels per foot scale.
Speeds are given for travel in fair weather conditions; adjust this by adding the effects of good luck, crack ships, Mariner talent, Wind Weaving spells, etc. to this, and subtract the effects of bad luck, damage, awkwardness, heavy seas, etc.. This will often give a speed higher than the "base".
Most ships ... nearly all? ... will have at least someone with Novice level Mariner talent.
Boats
Raft
Usually an emergency measure. A raft can be of various sizes; if it has a mast and sail, it will usually only be able to sail nearly directly downwind.
With no sail, a raft will drift slowly with the wind and water currents. Rowing rafts is possible, but they're very slow.
Performance: typical sailing speed is 3 knots, and must be within a few degrees of the wind direction -- the sails count as "square" (partly due to the lack of a keel). Levels of Mariner talent will allow a raft to sail not so directly downwind.
Rowboat
Typical of small rowboats. About 4 yards long, weight 800 pounds empty with 12" draft, 3,000 pounds loaded to the gunwales. A typical crew of 3: two rowers each with a pair of oars, one steering; another pair of oars can be shipped when carrying heavy loads. Can carry 10 persons at most (and slowly). A small mast with sail of 113 square feet area (10 yards, 6 silver) can be fitted.
This is about the largest boat where one person handles two oars (one on each side) at the same time.
Smaller boats exist, down to bathtub-sized dinghies for 2 or 3 people.
Performance: rowing speed is about 3 knots if not heavily loaded (2 knots if heavily loaded but with another rower; 1 knot if heavily loaded and no extra rower carried). Typical sailing speed is 3 knots; the sails count as "lateen".
Cost to purchase: 22 silver, including two pairs of oars. Add a mast, sail and various additional ropes for 8 more silver.
Fishing Boat
A common type of craft. Length 12 yards, beam 2.7 yards, draft 1' 8”, weight 3 tons. Most of these have only a sail (no oars, or just two for getting next to a pier or dock), and carry a crew of 5 sailors; some have 14 oars and a crew of 15 sailors/fishermen. Cargo, crew and passengers can total 1.5 tons … so, 17 persons at most.
There's a single mast and sail, with an area of 285 square feet (25-1/3 yards).
About one week's provisions for 5 sailors: a barrel of fresh water (32 gallons, 300 pounds) and 70 pounds of food.
Performance: rowing speed 3 knots with a full crew of 15 sailors; if the crew is only 5 or less, they won't bother with oars except for very short movements at slow speed. Sailing speed 6 knots; sails will be "square" or "lateen" depending on culture.
Cost to purchase: 120 silver pieces if less than ten years old; 100 silver pieces above that age. The sail costs 15 silver coins to replace.
Pinnace, etc.
A small sailing and rowing vessel, length 12 yards, beam 3 yards, depth (keel to gunwale) 8 feet. 5.5 tons empty weight, up to 12 tons fully loaded with 6 tons of cargo or soldiers. Can be fitted with a single mast carrying a "square" or "lateen" sail (depending on the culture of their builders), plus a jib sail. Quite often the mast is "taken down" and stored when not needed.
18 men plus a helmsman could row these, but as few as two or three would be needed to sail them (helmsman plus two people to manage the sail); 80 soldiers could be carried for short distances.
Usually these don't make long voyages, but see the Fishing Boat for a typical amount of provisions.
Large ships sometimes tow one of these behind them, as a utility boat, scout, tender, landing craft, etc.; they are also used for fishing. These are the smallest “decked-over” vessels, though the space below their deck is very low (at most three or four feet high), and the “decked-over” part is just at the ends.
Performance: best speed when rowing, 6 knots for very short distances (a quarter hour?), 3 knots is more usual; under sail, 3 knots is the basic speed. Speed will be a knot less if heavily loaded.
Cost to purchase: 5 gold pieces new, 4 gold pieces if over ten years old.
Many other types and sizes of "boat" exist, with many different names. Think of how automobiles can be coupes, sedans, phaetons, limousines, station wagons, vans, sports cars, speedsters, armored cars, dragsters, pickups, tow trucks, etc. ... boats have a lot of variety which our land-based characters probably don't notice.
Ships
Cog, Ballinger, Barge, Crayer, etc.
Various common types of clumsy, slow transport vessels, with a single mast and one square sail, plus some other awkward sails (e.g., a spritsail). These lumpish, flat-bottomed ships are the worst at everything. The flat bottom allows them to ground safely on ebb tides (they don't fall over onto their side). Some of those names are just national or linguistic terms for the same type of vessel, or with minor changes in sail shape, etc.
Length 18 yards, beam 6 yards, weight 120 tons, of which half is cargo, ballast, etc.. The sail is 2100 square feet in area. Crew 6 to 9, depending on size, where they are sailing, and other factors. A cog making long voyages will carry a sailing crew of 20 sailors. Up to 40 soldiers could be carried; many more if they don't eat or sleep.
Larger cogs are up to 24 yards long and 9 yards in beam, draft 2 yards, weight up to 200 tons. Cogs of this size will probably have two masts.
They have a deck, a tiny raised forecastle (mostly for a lookout), plus a raised aftercastle with crenelations if they're expecting combat. Inside the aftercastle is a space about 6 yards wide for cabins.
Some could ship oars, for moving in harbors or against the wind.
Provisions: three weeks of provisions for 8 crew: five 32 gallon water casks, weight ¾ ton, plus about 400 pounds of food, coal for cooking …
Performance: the basis sailing speed is 3 knots; any speed over 6 knots is very unlikely, even with a Master Mariner and Wind Weaving spells. Rowing speed is at most 3 knots, with a crew of 20 sailors.
Cost to purchase: anywhere from 10 gold pieces to 60 gold pieces, depending on size, age and condition. The sail costs 112 silver pieces.
Caravel
Smaller and more maneuverable than the carrack. Length 12 yards, beam 3.5 yards, draft 2 yards. Weight 50 to 100 tons (50 tons for the dimensions above). Two or three masts with lateen sails; a prominent crenelated aftercastle with high sides is fitted. This size of caravel could be sailed by a crew of 10 persons, but a crew of 20 is more typical for a long voyage or military action. There's space under the main deck for cargo, and unpleasant sleeping conditions; a cabin or two exist inside the aftercastle, about 3.5 yards on a side (the beam of the ship).
Most are fitted with oar-ports, and the crew can row the vessel -- but slowly and awkwardly, as there are no rowing-benches and the oarports are fairly high above the waterline.
Huge numbers of troops (300?) could be jammed aboard for a voyage of a few hours (no meals or sleeping).
Columbus' ships Nina and Pinta were caravels.
Provisions: three weeks of provisions for 20 men: thirteen 32 gallon barrels of water (about 2 tons), plus about half a ton of food, coal, minor consumables (wine for the captain, etc.). If they plan to do a lot of rowing, more water would have to be carried – up to twice as much.
Performance: base speed under sail is 6 knots. Rowing speed with a full crew is only 3 knots.
Cost to purchase: 30 gold pieces for the example given, if less than 10 years old. This cost doesn't include any installed weaponry.
Carrack
Length 15 yards, beam 7 yards, draft 2 yards. Weight 220 tons with those dimensions. Three or four masts, with square sails on the first two and a lateen sail on the mizzen, plus a bowsprit with a sail underneath. A crew of 12 or so can handle the vessel, but for long voyages or military action a crew of 45 is more typical. Hundreds of troops could be jammed in solely as “passengers” (unable to contribute to a nautical fight), for a voyage of a few hours (no food or sleeping provided).
Larger, longer carracks exist, up to 50 yards in length and 12 yards beam, with a weight of 800 tons and carrying a crew of 50 sailors and 800 soldiers as “cargo”.
Some carracks are built with oar-ports, but they are very slow when rowed, since they don't have rowing benches – the crew stands, several men per oar, to row them. The crew of a carrack with oar-ports will have to be at least 45 men to be usefully propelled by its oars. They probably have a different name that just “carrack” – maybe carrack-galley?
Built with a forecastle and very tall aftercastle; in military versions the aftercastle has “crenelations” for archers or ballistas, etc. to fire from. Space below the main deck is very cramped, with very low overhead space; in good weather crew sleeps on deck, or in the forecastle and aftercastle. There is a compartment in the forecastle (probably the galley is here), and a couple of cabins in the aftercastle (probably about 6 yards wide -- same as the beam of the ship).
Columbus' Santa Maria was a carrack.
Provisions: supplies for three weeks for 45 mariners: thirty 32-gallon barrels of fresh water (4.5 tons), and about a ton of food.
Performance: a reasonable speed under sails would be 6 knots. When rowed by a full crew, a carrack can only make 3 knots.
Cost to purchase: 175 gold pieces for the example given, if less than ten years old. The largest carracks will cost more than 600 gold pieces when new.
Light Galley
This term covers a whole range of lightly-constructed military vessels for use in protected water -- they are very vulnerable to storms. The number of banks of oars, the number of rowers per oar, and the number of oars total all affect the size and actual type-name. The ratio of length to beam is often 1:8.
They will usually have one mast with a lateen sail; the largest might have two or even three masts; however, they quite often remove the sails, or even the masts, if battle is expected within a day.
A ram, at the waterline, or a beak at about deck level, is fitted at the bow for damaging enemy vessels, or allowing troops to make boarding attacks. A small number of ballistas or heavy crossbows might be fitted, along with other light weapons -- grappling hooks, pots of pitch or snakes, etc..
A specific example: 43 yards long (from beak to aft gallery; 36 yards from stem to rudder), hull 4 yards wide, overall 6 yards wide (including the wide structure overhanging on either side), and weighing 44 tons full loaded (20 tons empty); it has 24 rowing positions on each side, and three rowers at each position, totaling 144 oars. Thus the crew is at least 150 sailors. Up to 20 soldiers can be carried for boarding actions, or to protect foraging parties ashore.
In Classical Greece, the usual ship's troops were 14 "melee" fighters and 4 archers.
The ram or beak is 6 yards long, with a sturdy crenelated forecastle with a couple of doors for troops to rush onto enemy ships. It has a lightweight stern cabin, termed a “kiosk”, with a peaked roof, and surrounded by an open gallery which overhangs the sides and stern by at least a yard.
Michael suspects the rather un-nautical kiosk was taken down in bad weather
or when the ship was likely to be actually engaged in combat.
In the Mediterranean the kiosk often had canvas sides.
A couple of levels with cabins are on lower levels at the stern, for the officers' quarters. Her hull planks average 1.4 inches thick.
Historically, Venice was famous for storing dozens or hundreds of military galleys in the Arsenal,
and being able to outfit them for service in "several hours" by well-organized docks and warehouses;
this meant they only had to have their galleys in the water,
with crews aboard (being paid and eating rations), when actually needed.
Provisions: supplies for one week for 150 men (presuming rowing every day): sixty-six 32 gallon barrels of fresh water (10 tons), and about a ton of food. The crew weighs about 13 tons, so crew+food+water = 24 tons. Just the food for the crew costs about 90 silver per day!
Athenian triremes of the Classical period didn't carry any provisions except for one day's worth of water.
Performance: with a trained crew, a steady rowing speed of 6 knots is base ... this can be kept up for half a day (the rowers will need to eat and sleep eventually), and will call for 2 gallons of fresh water per man per day. The base "attack" speed is 9 knots, but can only be maintained for a short time.
Cost to purchase: about 22 gold coins for the example given, if less than ten years old. Decorations and fancy furnishings in the kiosk can easily bring to cost to 30 gold coins or more. In the Tevinter Imperium the 144 rowers may well be slaves, and would have to be purchased. There are lots of discussions about the price of slaves in Dragon Age forums, but (as far as Michael can tell) nothing canonical. This isn't a bad discussion.
Arsenal Galley
This represents the most common rowed naval vessel of nations that don't use longships. Compared to the light galley, it's shorter, taller, and not as fast -- but more capable of surviving or even making progress in rough weather. Similarly to the light galley, it does have to manage its cargo or ballast carefully, to keep the oars at the most efficient height above the water.
It's 30 yards long (not including the 6 yard long prow/ram), with a beam of 5 yards, and a draft of 5 feet; it weighs 50 tons. Unlike the galley, there's no protruding overhang along the rowing positions. Two or three masts carry lateen sails. Whether fitted with a beak or prow (above the water) or ram (below the water) is a design choice probably made on a "cultural" basis.
There are two banks of oars on each side -- 10 oars on each side in the upper bank, and 11 oars in the lower bank; the oars on the upper bank have two men each, so there are 62 rowers total. Total crew is about 80 sailors. Two dozen soldiers can be also carried, to fight during naval battles -- many more could be carried "jammed in" for a few hours or a day.
There is an enclosed forecastle, with the galley, and a two-level aftercastle, with cabins for the officers -- the rowers sleep on or under their benches. Catapults and ballistas can be carried on the forecastle and aftercastle.
Merchant galleys of about this size probably exist (they certainly did in real life); they won't have rams or beaks. Their hull:beam ratio will be 6:1. They carry passengers and small, valuable cargoes. A merchant galley will have a lightweight "kiosk" structure above the level of the rowers (since they don't need as much space for soldiers to fight on deck). "Merchant galley" is a generic name, they will have specific names in various nations: argosy, galleone, marchand, etc.
Provisions: ...
Performance: with a trained crew, a base rowing speed of 3 knots can be kept up for 8 to 10 hours per day (the rowers will need to eat and sleep eventually), for several days at a time, and will call for 2 gallons of fresh water per man per day. The base "attack" speed is 9 knots, but can only be maintained for a short time. Base sailing speed is 3 knots. Using the light galley as an "agility" reference, the arsenal galley is -2 for performing maneuvers.
Cost to purchase: 30 gold pieces.
Heavy Galley
This powerful ship is 51 yards long (not including the 6 yard long prow or ram), with a beam of 9 yards, and a draft of 7 feet; it weighs 200 tons. Three masts carry lateen sails; the main mast has a "fighting top" 27 yards above the water.
There are two banks of oars on each side -- 16 oars per bank; the oars on the upper bank have two men each, so there are 96 rowers total. Total crew is about 120 sailors; in addition, two dozen soldiers can be also carried, to fight during naval battles -- many more could be carried "jammed in" for a few hours or a day.
There is an enclosed two-level forecastle, with cooking taking place on the upper (enclosed) level; and a two-level aftercastle, with cabins for the captain and officers -- the rowers sleep on or under their benches (or, preferably, ashore). Catapults and ballistas can be carried on the forecastle and aftercastle, and on the main deck.
Provisions: ...
Performance: with a trained crew, a base rowing speed of 3 knots can be kept up for 8 to 10 hours per day (the rowers will need to eat and sleep eventually), for several days at a time, and will call for 2 gallons of fresh water per man per day. The base "attack" speed is 9 knots, but can only be maintained for a short time. Base sailing speed is 3 knots. Using the light galley as an "agility" reference, the heavy galley is -4 to maneuvers.
Cost to purchase: 160 gold pieces.
Huge Galley
A fleet flagship. This is 93 yards long (not including the 9 yard long prow/ram), with a beam of 15 yards, and a draft of 10 feet; it weighs about 1,000 tons. Three or four masts carry lateen sails.
There are two banks of oars on each side -- 38 oars on the upper bank, 39 on the lower bank; the oars on the upper bank have two men each, so there are 230 rowers total. Total crew is about 250 sailors; in addition, 70 soldiers can be also carried, to fight during naval battles -- many more could be carried "jammed in" for a few hours or a day.
There is an enclosed two-level forecastle, with the cooking area on the lower level; and a three-level aftercastle, with cabins for the officers -- the rowers sleep on or under their benches. Catapults and ballistas can be carried on the forecastle and aftercastle, and on the main deck.
Provisions: ...
Performance: with a trained crew, a base rowing speed of 3 knots can be kept up for 8 to 10 hours per day (the rowers will need to eat and sleep eventually), for several days at a time, and will call for 2 gallons of fresh water per man per day. The base "attack" speed is 9 knots, but can only be maintained for a short time. Base sailing speed is 3 knots. Using the light galley as an "agility" reference, the huge galley is -6 to maneuvers.
Cost to purchase: 800 gold pieces, though these are often decorated and fitted with fine furnishings to bring their cost closer to 1000 gold pieces.
Imperial Galley
The biggest ship of major navies, these are built for prestige and "shock and awe", but are awkward to sail.
This is 150 yards long (not including the 12 yard long prow or ram), with a beam of 24 yards, and a draft of 16 feet; it weighs about 3,000 tons. Four masts carry lateen sails.
There are three banks of oars on each side, with 60 or 61 oars in each bank; the oars on the upper bank have three men each, the middle bank oars have two men each, and the lowest bank oars just one man each -- so there are 720 rowers total. Total crew is about 800 sailors; in addition, hundreds of soldiers can be also carried, to fight during naval battles -- probably a couple thousand more could be carried "jammed in" for a few hours or a day.
The forecastle and aftercastle rise as multi-level towers, and contain workrooms for mages, alchemists, and other artists and technical crew, along with the retinue of whatever Imperial personage is aboard. A large amount of ballistas, catapults, etc. are fitted.
Provisions: ...
Performance: with a trained crew, a base rowing speed of 3 knots can be kept up for 8 to 10 hours per day (the rowers will need to eat and sleep eventually), for several days at a time, and will call for 2 gallons of fresh water per man per day. The base "attack" speed is 9 knots, but can only be maintained for a short time. Base sailing speed is 3 knots. Using the light galley as an "agility" reference, the huge galley is -8 to maneuvers.
Cost to purchase: several thousand gold pieces.
Longship
A double-ended rowing and sailing warship. Length 26 yards, beam 5 yards, draft 1 yard, weight about 25 tons (of which half can be cargo, supplies, crew etc.). There is a deck, but it's not very high above the keel – cargo and supplies (or ballast) are all that can be carried below deck. The deckboards can all be lifted up for placing cargo below deck -- see also here. Fitted with a single mast with a square sail, and carries 32 oarsmen/soldiers. The usual crew for long voyages would be 40 persons, but another 30 could be carried for short voyages. While a dozen sailors could manage the vessel's sails, it's not considered safe to have less than 24 persons aboard when sailing on long voyages. The mast can be struck (lowered) and supported by a pair of trestles; with the sail draped over it, a simple tent can be formed covering most of the crew positions; this isn't often done when underway.
The sail of the example ship is 1200 square feet in area (107 yards of fabric).
Much larger longships, up to 35 yards long and 8 yards beam, with 2.5 yards draft, have been built, to carry up to 100 oarsmen/soldiers (2 rowers per oar). A ship of this size would weigh about 100 tons, and costs more than 50 gold to build.
Provisions: supplies for 40 crew for three weeks (and only two days of heavy rowing): twenty-nine 32 gallon casks of fresh water (almost 4.5 tons), and almost a ton of food, stove fuel, etc.
Performance: base sailing speed is 9 knots. Base speed when rowing with a full crew, 3 knots for 8-10 hours; the base "attack" speed is 6 knots for short distances. An ordinary longship is about the same "agility" as a light galley; a large (~100 tons) longship would be -2 to rolls for comparative maneuvering.
Cost to purchase: 10 gold coins if less than 10 years old; a bit more than 8 gold coins if over that age. The sail costs 64 silver coins to replace.
An estimate of the time to build a big longship was 28,000 man-hours (or more);
if you presume 10 hour days and 1/3 silver per man per day,
that's 933 silver, or a bit more than 9 gold: close enough for Michael!
Shipbuilding
The invention of the sawmill in the early 14th Century notably reduced shipbuilding costs in Europe; also, a few very sophisticated shipyards could reduce costs and time to build particular types of ships by as much as 50%. Thus, building ships in “crude” ports will require more time and money.
Shipbuilding costs are based on the “fully loaded” weight of the vessel; the cost includes a number of empty water-casks given in the description, and a full set of ropes, sails, anchors, etc.. Weapons, such as ballistas, are not included in the price. "New" vessels are less than 10 years old.
The distance between rowing positions (and thus the oars) for Mediterranean craft was 47", which allows us to determine other dimensions.
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cost per ton of ships
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weight
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new
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old
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under 50 tons
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40 sp
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33 sp
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50 to 200 tons
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60 sp
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50 sp
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200 tons or more
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80 sp
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65 sp
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Freight and Passage Rates
There's no way we'll work up all the complexities; but here are some historical examples:
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cargo carried from southern Spain to Bristol, England in the mid-16th Century (a three week voyage): 50 silver pieces per ton
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cargo carried from western France to Bristol, England in the mid-16th Century (a week's voyage): 30 to 40 silver pieces per ton
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during the Fourth Crusade the Venetians charged for transport to Egypt 100 silver pieces per knight, 100 silver pieces per horse, and 50 silver pieces for any other persons. This was probably the most expensive rate for the least pleasant travel conditions -- the Venetians had the Crusaders over a barrel. I suspect that usually rates were half of what the Venetians charged (and that's also about the furthest voyage you could "buy a ticket for" in the Middle Ages -- about 4 months of sea travel, with a lot of stops along the way).
A lot of the cost is taken up when not actually sailing, so the distance traveled matters less than you might think. Cargo or passengers carried on (faster) galleys will probably pay 5 or 10 times the amount paid to travel in cogs or other sailing vessels, for voyages that take less than half the time (and with less risk from pirates). Proposed rates for general travel aboard a sailing ship:
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cargo, per ton: 25 silver and up
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passengers, common: 12 silver and up; you sleep with the sailors
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passengers, inside or "elite": 25 silver and up; you sleep in the best quarters available
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on a galley (or other "fast" vessel) for more than one day: x5 and up, but travel time is halved compared to a sailing ship
Generically, sailors were each paid 10 silver pieces per month (1/3 silver per day) up to 1545 AD, and 13 silver pieces per month after that – it's a factor of demand and danger.
Long Voyages
Ships on the ocean need to carry fresh water. Passengers, sailors and soldiers require 1 gallon per day; rowers need 2 gallons per day if they are rowing a lot. A water cask ("barrel") weighs 300 pounds when full of 32 gallons of water. The water supply includes water needed for cooking, soaking salt meat, etc..
Food for galley crews were pretty consistent in the European Medieval and Renaissance periods. Per day:
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1.5 pounds of bread (waybread)
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1.5 ounces of cheese
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3 to 6 ounces of salted meat
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3 to 5 ounces of dried beans
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a pint of wine
Call it 2 pounds of food per crew member, per day, costing 60 copper per man per day including some salt, pepper, oil, etc.. A small amount of coal or charcoal would probably be carried for cooking.
Galleys (triremes, biremes, dromons, etc.) are sensitive to their draft -- their rowers are most efficient at a particular height above the water. Too much cargo -- or too little -- will reduce their speed under oars. So if your bireme can carry 10 tons of people, supplies and cargo, and you only have 8 tons of people, supplies and cargo, you load 2 tons of ballast -- normally rocks. Cargo or ballast had the effect of making a galley or bireme actually sink in battle: normally they were buoyant enough to just float along, even if the hull was full of holes.
Viking longships were less sensitive to load, but even so never put to sea with less that 3/4 of their "usual" crew -- they were needed to move to the "upwind" side to keep the ship from capsizing in strong winds while sailing.
"Columbus flew to America with the trade winds at his heels.
When he met contrary winds while working north along the coast of South America
he was lucky if he logged one mile forward an hour."
Currency Conversions
I've started by converting medieval prices to English shillings, and multiplying this by two to get Dragon Age silver coin values. This is derived by looking at the value of mail armor, plate armor, wax candles, draft horses, and high-grade riding horses.
The silver mark of the 4th Crusade was worth 13 shillings 4 pence; thus, 26 silver 66 copper in Thedas.
For fabrics, I'm assuming the linen and wool materials come in 45” wide bolts.
Sources
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"Shipowning in England c. 1450—1550", presented 1962 at the Royal Historical Society by G. V. Scammell
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"English Merchant Shipping at the End of the Middle Ages", by G.V. Scammell, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 13 (1961), pp. 327–41
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"The Bristol Shipping Industry in the Sixteenth Century", by Evan Thomas Jones; doctoral thesis at U. of Edinburgh, 1998
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"List of price of medieval items", by Kenneth Hodges (hodges@jif.berkeley.edu)
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“Boats, Ships and Shipyards: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Venice 2000”, edited by Carlo Beltrame, pub. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2003.
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"Speed Under Sail of Ancient Ships", by Lionel Casson, from Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, vol. 81, page 136-148, pub. 1951 by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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"Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", by Lionel Casson, pub. 1971 by Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ
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"Two-Masted Greek Ships", by Lionel Casson, pub. 1980 in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Volume 9, by Blackwell Publishing.
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"Travel in the Ancient World", by Lionel Casson, pub. 1974 by Allen and Unwin.
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